Interaction was a state in which people from one community got into contact with one another. The contacts among African people resulted from their various struggles to meet their daily requirements and further social and economic development. Before colonialism, African communities had social and economic interactions.

A) SOCIAL INTERACTION:

Social interaction took place through migration, religion, war, music, medicine and marriage.

MIGRATION

East Africa belongs to four main language groups namely the Khoisan, the Cushites, the Nilotes and the Bantu.Historical evidences show that the earliest inhabitants of East Africa were of Khoisan origin. Their speech is described as had “click” sound. It was similar to the language of present day KhoiKhoi and San of South Africa. They were nomadic hunters and gathers. These early large groups interacted with the larger Cushites, Bantu and the Nilotes communities that began settling in East Africa from the first century A.D. The remnants of them include Sandawe and Hadzabe of Tanzania and the Okiek (Dorobo) of Kenya. The origin home kind of the Nilotes was in the Nile valley in Sudan. Some Bantu communities of East Africa included Nyamwezi, Sukuma, Chagga and Pare of Tanzania, kikuyu, Kamba. Luhya of Kenya and Baganda, Basoga and Banyoro of Uganda. Through interaction of one community practiced medicine interacted with another led to some changes such as introduction of iron technology in East Africa.

2. RELIGION

Religion played a crucial role in all African societies. Religious beliefs were taken seriously and affected every phase of life. There was a variety of religious activities in pre-colonial Africa.

These included burial rites purifications, rituals naming of ceremonies and prayers to bless soldiers before they went to war. Religious activities took place at different levels such as family level, clan level and community level e.g. The Bushmen of Congo held prayers before going to hunt as they believed that God was the source of all food. Among the Asante people of West

Africa the king of Asante (Asantehene) based his right to office on the possession of the Royal or Golden stool, Asantehene was regarded as the chief priest. Natural cults also existed in many parts of Africa. Their main aim was to please the spirits and legendary heroes e.g. the juju practiced in Western Africa the Shona held a cult called Mwani. The king of Shona (Mwanamtapa) was regarded as decline.

WARS

African communities engaged in war from time to time; they fought with various reasons such as to increase the number of the herds of livestock, to get fertile land for agriculture purposes and expansion of the kingdom e.g. Buganda conquered Buddu, Karagwe and Busoga to expand their kingdom by 1839. Egyptian army had established their base at Gondokora the area located around Southern Khartoum and by 1869, Egyptian had raided and destroyed the Lango and Ancholi religion in the modern day Uganda.

MUSIC AND DANCES

African music and dances brought people together; communities’ rites and ceremonies were accompanied by songs and dances. Every African society developed songs for work, Labourers sang while clearing fields, sowing and harvesting goods example of dances were Mdundiko among the Zaramo and Sindimba of Makonde. The Yomba of West Africa performed Orik music where by other songs praised or condemned certain characteristics including leadership and relation with neighbours. Dance were also performed for different purposes; some dance were open to everyone while others restricted to a certain secret society professional and artisans example Chagga men and women performed a dance called Rring during wedding ceremonies and Luguru led their dance called Gubi.

MEDICINE

African’s had medicine men and women who played important role both spiritually and medically. Those who practice medicine interacted with many members of the society as patient visited some of the well known medicine men and women. Some medicine men and women were also political advisors and leaders example Kinjekitile Ngwale of Southern Tanzania most

of the medicine were extracted from plant roots, barks and leaves e.g. The (neem tree) Mwarobaini is mostly used by various medicine in Matebele.

MARRIAGE

Marriage occupies a position of great importance in African communities. Every member of the society jugs to build their own family. In Buganda the Kabaka married from different clans in order to enhance political unity in the kingdom. Therefore social interactions strengthened through marriage. At the same time marriage led to emergence of new culture examples Swahili culture as the result of mixture of Bantu and Arab culture.

B) ECONOMIC INTERACTION

Africa communities also interacted due to economic factors such as crafts, trade, farming and pastoralism.

1) METAL WORKING

African communities used various kinds of metal to make tools, weapons, utensil and ornaments; some of the widely used metals were iron, Bronze, Gold, Copper and tin. Archaeologists have discovered the remains of early in working beneath important religious shrine in the Great lakes religion dating back over 2,000 years ago.

Egyptians were the first people known to have used copper; Benin the Bronze casters had guild called Igun Eronwon through making various metal tools people interacted due to the need of the commodities through interactions.

2) AGRICULTURE:

Many Africans communities practiced agriculture and different types of interaction took place in the process. Apart from few communities such as the pastoral Maasai who never tilled land; other communities cultivated a variety of crops by using different farming methods, tools and crops were passed from one community to another. The Kwari who were purely pastoral

community eventually became cultivators as the results they interacted with agricultural societies.

3) FISHING

Was an economic activity that was practiced by communities that lived near water bodies such as lakes, rivers and the seas. The Luo were and still are named fishermen in Pre-colonial East Africa the Ndengereko’s fished in the river Rufiji while the Zaramo and other coastal people in the Indian Ocean, such fishing communities interacted with pastoral and agriculturalist so as to acquire animal product and agricultural commodities.

4) TRADE

Trade conducted in pre–colonial period was in barter system, the trade network was based on the need to access what a community didn’t produce; Example pastoralists exchanged their animals’ products for vegetable and grains. The limbo clans among the Luo specialized in occupation such as iron working and pottery. Between 8^th – 16^th C. AD community from the Sudanic belt engaged in trade with the communities from north Africa in the Trans – Sahara trade. Among the most important commodities of exchange were iron, gold, slaves and salts.

5) THE NEED TO SEARCH NEW AREAS

Areas with fertile land and reliable rainfall were very attractive to the people within the regions or those coming from outside the regions. Agricultural societies kept on shifting from the area with infertile soil to areas with fertile soil; example in the interlacustrine regions were densely populated compared to areas like Central Tanzania and Northern part of Kenya where population was low.

IMPACTS /RESULTS /EFFECTS/ CONSEQUENCES/ OUTCOMES OF THE INTERACTIONS.

A: SOCIAL IMPACTS OF INTERACTIONS AMONG THE PEOPLE OF AFRICA.

Loss of originality: in the process of migrations and trade interactions people moved from one place of their origin to various destinations, through this interactions probably there was interactions of new values, customs and beliefs.
Emergence of new language. As people of different languages like Bantu, Nilotes and Khoisan meet with other groups; they developed new languages which were based on those new related groups of Swahili language developed in East Africa having most of the Bantu vocabularies.
Inter marriage. When people moved from their original areas and established settlement in new areas they got married with the natures and established new social These involved social conflicts since people were united together.
Population increased. The places which were attractive for people’s settlements become highly populated. Those regions immigration was common than emigration.

B) : THE IMPACTS OF ECONOMIC INTERACTIONS.

Growth of towns and cities. Trading activities stimulated the emergence of urban centers along the trade natures and centers. Areas that produced trade commodities in West, North and East Africa become remarkable urban center; example Taghaza, Timbuktu, Gao, Kumbisaleh in West Africa, Alex and Rial in Tripoli and Cairo in north Africa, Malindi, Mombasa. Bagamoyo, Zanzibar, Tabora and Ujiji in East Africa.
Exposure of Africa to the external world. The African coast and interior areas were invalided to the outside People were engaged in trading activities and slowly they created trading contacts with the Europeans. African was producing goods that were observed by the outside world.
Intensification of agricultural production. Due to good manufacturing and use of better tools and high demands of food stuffs; cash crops and animals products became very important among Africans.
Development of technical skills and new areas. Trading activities stimulated the emergency and growth of technical Africans were able to process gold, iron smelting and cloth making.
Over exploitation of African resources. Trade items such as ivory, gold, copper and animals skins, supplied within African and later to outside world. Later on those

resources were highly demanded by the outside world like Asia and Europe. Therefore traders take them to outside world of large quantities.

The decrease of manpower. Many people in the Western Sudan and East Africa interior were captured as slaves to meet the high demands of slaves by long distance and Trans- Saharan trade.
Emergence of classes: The interactions of people on Africa resulted into classes of rich and poor; those who engaged in trade and agricultural activities became economically powerful than those who did not engage in these activities.

THE COMING OF THE NGONI

Ngoni people originated in Kwazulu land and Natal region in the sent by the public of South Africa. Ngoni are the one who speak Nguni language in the 19^th century; Zulu kingdom got new king called Tshaka. Tshaka through frequent war campaigns succeeded to expand his empire.

The tribe defeated by Tshaka was recruited into his military service. Through this contradiction many other tribes fled northward to Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, Malawi and Zambia. Due to contradictions and political ambition Tshaka was assassinated by his brother Dingane 1828.

CAUSES OF THE NGONI MIGRATIONS.

The mfecane war. This was the period of political instability and upheavals in South Africa which led to the creation of political alliances among the displaced It covered the period 1820 – 1834 which referred as war of crushing the people. The war was narrated by the Ngoni as Ufuaru which meant the crushing and it was named as Difaune. As a result of this contradiction wide warrior divided into two groups one was Under shoshangane created Gaza

Empire in Mozambique and Zwangendaba migrated northern wards through central Africa into present day Tanzania.

One group under Mputa Maseko crossed Zambezi River and passed to

Eastern side of Lake Malawi (Nyasa) finally settled in present day Songea district.

Zwangedaba lead another groups reached and settled in Ufipa, and in the areas of Lake Nyasa in 1840.Hence Zwangedaba died in 1845.

The Ndebele under mzirikazi found their settlement in present day

The Kololo under Swebatwane migrated north and built Lozi kingdom a centralized

– The Ngoni people were predominantly agriculturalists and pastoralists;

in order to protect their traditional way of life they decided to move northwards to central and Eastern Africa.

Boer expansion. Since the Ngoni’s economy depend much on land they wanted to expand southwards but due to presence of Boers it become difficult to them as they could not extend to west because Kens rub mountain or to East because of Indian Ocean hence they involved north

Growth of population: Due to population increase in South Africa social organizations became more complex. Class conflicts over the control and distribution of the social products increased. In this process some groups split away to find new habitats and eventually establish their own social organization; Examples the Ngoni (N) serves shortage of Ngoni shortages experienced as serves land shortage which also resulted into shortage of pastures land became scene and there was increasing in scramble for by strong states leading to conflicts and family disputes.

Zulu expansion: The use of Shaka as a leader in Zulu nations contributed greatly to the Ngoni migration. He was a political ambitious and an aggressive ruler who believed in the

expansionism policy. He waged frequent wars against neighbouring states. The Ngoni moved northwards to search new areas; they succeeded due to their large number and good military techniques. The Ngoni army was highly disciplined with short stubbing spears known as Assegai clubs, sharp small areas and tough cow-hide-shield.

EFFECTS OF NGONI MIGRATION

The Ngoni migration had a number of effects on the Ngoni themselves and the people they come into contact with.

POLITICAL EFFECTS

Conquest of weak states: Ngoni conquered weak states and subdivided them in the military areas they passed through Theha and Zinza.
They brought unity to some societies of Tanzania. There was change of rule in the regions they had For instance the Hehe, Sangu and Bena united together to fight with the Ngoni invaders.
Formation of agreement. In 1881 Mkwawa fought with the In this war the losses on both sides were so great that they entered into political treaty not to fight again until their sons become adults.
Changes in Military

SOCIAL EFFECTS

Depopulation: Many people died in fighting and many were taken as war captives by the
Marriage: The Ngoni people married women from the communities they conquered. Sometimes marriages were forced, where they took the women belonging to the captives and made them their wives.

A SKETCH MAP SHOWING INTERACTIONS AMONG THE PEOPLE OF

AFRICA.

ECONOMIC EFFECTS

Trade network between the traders of the east coast and the interior communities such as the Yao and Nyamwezi were disrupted by the Ngoni Commodities could therefore not reach the communities that needed them.
The Ngoni warriors destroyed both human life and Thus, they made some communities such as Ndebele economically disadvantaged.
Due to insecurity, agricultural activities were This caused food shortages.

A lot of valuable time was wasted as young people prepared for There was therefore shortage of labor for economic activities such as agriculture, hunting and fishing.
New technological skills were introduced, especially in iron working as the long spears were replaced by short stabbing spears.

THE RISE OF MFECANE IN SOUTH AFRICA

Mfecane were wondering wars among the clans of the Ngoni speakers in Natal between the coast of Indian Ocean and the Drankers Burg Mountains of South Africa.

Sometimes Mfecane is referred as Difeqane or Mfetsane. The famous Ngoni clan groups were;

Zulu clan under
Mthethwa under
Ngwane under
Ndwandwe under

THE REASONS OF MFECANE WARS.

Need for land – Zulu needed more land for farming and
Rise of Zulu – Shaka fights the other clans in order to expand his
Population growth in Natal causes
Clans denied expanding boundaries in order to make a large
Expansion of Boers from cape to

THE EFFECTS OF MFECANE.

Depopulation in Natal because of
Empire building g. Ndebele Empire under Msilikazi in Zimbabwe, and Ngoni under Zwangedaba.

Mfecane caused insecurity because of
Mfecane helped the Boer to settle in large
Caused destruction of properties, crops and
The rise of defensive kingdoms e.g. Basulo, Swazi and

SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION IN PRE COLONIAL AFRICA

Key concept

Social organization: Refers to the mode of production existing in a particular place at particular time. It constitutes productive forces and relation of production.
Modes of production: Is the relationship between production and productive forces include the following; human labour, surplus production, instrument of labour, objective of labour and population.
Human labor: Is the consciousness and purposeful activity of people to produce material
Production: Is a major in the series of economic processes that brings goods and services to people. It includes creation, distribution and consumption.
Means of labour: Are the things used in production such as hoes, machines, roads, buildings etc.
Objective of labour: Are things upon which man’s labour is applied (mostly land).
Productive forces: These are means of production created by a society especially objects and instrument of labour.
Relation of production: Are simple and direct relations which people enter to one another in actual production process either exploitive or exploited class.
Class struggle: Are conflicts that developed between exploitative mode and non – exploitative modes example capitalism and socialism.

TYPES OF SOCIAL ORGANISATION PRODUCTION

A: PRIMITIVE COMMUNALISM.

Primitive communalism; was the first mode of production in which the major means of production were owned and shared by all members of the society. Under communalism the interest of the small groups are considered before an individual.

The nonproductive members of the society such as the elders, disabled and children were exempted from work due to their disabilities. The invention of agricultural tools encouraged man to cultivate bigger plots of land. Rapid increases in population also encouraged people to increase their farms so as to get more food which could feed the growing population.

Some of African societies in the present days are still practicing communal mode of production. These include;

The Tindiga and Hadzabe of Singida and Lake Manyara and Central
The Dorobo (Okiek) of Maumau forest and Tesoin
The Mbali found in the equatorial rain forest of the Congo
The bushman (san) of South
The KhoiKhoi of Kalahari desert of Botswana
The Tur of

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNALISM

1. Absence of exploitation.

There was no exploitation among the people in a community. All the able bodied members of the society worked hard and shared what they produced.

2. Low level of production.

The level of productive forces were low hence none or very little surplus was produced. The implements used in food procurement were crude and simple.

3. Dependence on nature.

In communalism life was entirely dependent on nature therefore the environment dictated how man lived.

4. Communal ownership.

The communal ownership of properties was a major characteristic of communalism. The major means of production like land, tools and minerals were owned by the community.

5. Hunting and gathering.

This was the main occupation in these communities; people were grouped together in collective groups known as hunting bands to facilitate this means of production. This later led to the development of stock raising and agriculture then it brought the division of labor.

6. Subsistence economy.

Due to low level of development of science and technology people produced enough food for their consumption.

7. Lack of specialization.

Because of limitation of their science and technology (knowledge) these people learnt to perform all types of jobs. They worked together in marking roots, hunting and looking for food later on very simples division of labor based on gender occurred.

People in communal society treated each other There was no standing armies and ruling classes; even elders were not lords or rulers.
Learning by doing: people in communal societies shared This was acquired through learning by doing, youth and children obtained knowledge and skills from their elders.

FACTORS FOR TRANSITION FROM PRIMITIVE COMMUNALISM TO SLAVERY AND FEUDAL MODE OF PRODUCTION.

Neolithic revolution: Is the term for the first agricultural change describing the transition from nomadic, hunting and gathering to permanent settlement. Neolithic revolution brought socioeconomic changes such as establishment of permanent settlement, extension of division of labor based on age and sex, emergence of specialization, surplus production and spread of diseases due to permanent settlement.
Advanced in science and technology. This was the turning point that gave improvement in agricultural production. The tools produced were sharper and stronger than the older ones. The improvement of tools led to the expansion of socioeconomic activities above and beyond hunting and gathering.
The reliable rainfall and fertile land. Allowed the expansion of agriculture especially the cultivation of permanent crops such as banana in Uganda.
Population growth by either natural increase through giving birth or artificial means through immigration which was associated with transformation of the social organization and forming of strong empire.

B) SLAVERY MODE OF PRODUCTION.

Slavery refers to a situation in a society where a person is owned by another purposely as an instrument of production. Slavery mode of production was the second mode of production and the first exploitative mode of man by man. The emergence of surplus production created two different classes these were the rich and the poor. Under slavery systems slaves could not acquire wealthy and could not cultivate own land.

Slavery in Africa existed in;

Egypt where they constructed dams and
Chagga, Haya, Ganda, Hehe. Kerewe and Sambaa in East Africa
Along the coast of East Africa slaves were used in carrying loads buildings, cities, constructing dams and irrigation Slavery in Africa never existed as an institution except in Egypt Muslim communities and on the coast of East Africa.

FEATURES OF SLAVE MODE OF PRODUCTION

Existence of two classes that is the slave masters who were exploiters and the slaves who were exploited group.
Private ownership of the major means of The slave masters owned slaves, cattle and all implements of production.
Low productive force under the slave mode of production, the productive forces were still low though more advanced compared to those used during communalism.
Existence of surplus There were extra products due to the use of advanced tools and improved skills of man to control his environment. The slave masters owned surplus production produced by slaves.
Existence of political institutions; these began to emerge and existed in various areas example slave masters had state apparatus such as army, prisons and police which were employed in exploiting and suppressing slaves.
Class struggle existed between slaves and slave masters; the slaves started to resist in form of strikes, rebellions, idling and running away.

FEUDAL MODE OF PRODUCTION (FEUDALISM).

The term feudalism originated from the Germany word “feud” which means fees. In this context fees refer to payment of tax.

Feudalism; was the third mode of production and second pre-capitalist mode of production based on exploitation of man by man. The economy of feudal society was based on private ownership and renting of land and livestock by the ruling classes.

CHARACTERISTICS OF FEUDALISM

Payment of rent to the land lords; rent was paid in various

Labour rent; existed in form of labour or service in which peasants (serf) were required to work for three days in week for the land lords.
Rent in kind: The serfs regularly had to deliver the quantities of his products to the land lords. The products could be in form of grain, cattle or vegetables.
Money rent: Was the system in which money used as a major means of paying

Exploitation of man by man example peasants (serf) were exploited by land lords and the distribution of production was not equal.
Little freedom to peasant; peasants were tired due to various restrictions as they were treated as children.

Private ownership of major means of production such as land, mining sites, houses and cattle all these belonged to feudal lords.
Division labour based on sex where men specialized in military while women specialized in farming and taking care of children.
Existence of classes; landlords as exploiters and serfs as exploited

Little surplus enjoyed by feudal

Existence of strong political institutions in form of kingdoms and empires example Bunyoro, Buganda and Karagwe.

–Feudalism in Africa existed in various forms. Its nature depended on place in which it was practiced for instance societies that exercised feudalism were those found in the interlacustine region of East Africa, South Africa, West Africa and the North Eastern Africa.

FEUDAL RELATIONS/FORMS OF FEUDALISM

Nyarubanja system. In this form of feudalism the major means of production was land. Under Nyarubanja system in Buhaya and Karagwe there was two classes, that is the Batwazi (ruler) and Batwana (serfs). These two classes had to pay rent in kind and rent in labour services to the land lords.

In Buganda Nyarubanja system known as Mvunjo and Busulo, there were two classes that is Bataka (chiefs) and the poor people who rendered labour service and paid of their products to the land lords known as Bakopi. Under the system labour services provider was known as Akasamvu and part of their products was provided to the ruling class known as Obusulu. Bunyoro was the kingdom practiced feudalism in East Africa. The

kingdom was divided into provinces known as Saza’s under chiefs. Also there was caste system in East Africa under this feudal system there was two classes which were Bahima (pastoralists) and Bairu (agriculturalists). Bahima who were pastoralists dominated and employed the Bairu who were agriculturalists. It was common in Rwanda, Burundi and Buhaya.

Umwinyi system was another form of feudalism found along the coast of East Africa. Wamwinyi controlled the productive forces such as land, serfs and tenants; also monopolized the political and economic The serfs and tenants were given land by Wamwinyi (feudal lords) to live on them in return of labour services and tributes which were paid to Wamwinyi. Before Arabs colonization The Mwinyi mkuu was the greatest land lords and ruled Zanzibar with the help of Shehe in Unguja and Diwani in Pemba.
Ubugabire system was another form of feudalism practiced among the Tutsi and Hutu in Rwanda and Burundi. The Tutsi (donor) also known as SEBUJA could transfer their cattle to the Ifutu (recipient) as sometimes known as BUGABIRE. The Omugabire and his family were obliged to perform several duties for the masters including house building cultivating.
Ntemi system: This was practiced among the Nyamwezi and The power of ruler was based on the control of land The Mtemi organized his people to open up new land wherever it was available. The process of opening up new land was known as Kutema.

MERITS OF FEUDALISM

The following are some of merits of feudalism;

The weaker people in the society were protected by the king or the rich land For example, among the Rwandans, the Tutsi had an obligation to protect their tenants, the Hutu.

The land owners gave all poor people in the society a piece of land to This way, everyone had a means of earning a living.

There was a piece in the state as the rich classes maintained law and

The rich supported the poor with food during drought and

The society were highly stratified, with each class of people knowing their position and In this way, the feudal societies were very organized.

DEMERITS OF FEUDALISM

The rich exploited labour force of the

Only a few people in society owned

There was inequality in society between the rich and the

The peasant were forced to undertake military duties and endanger their lives for their

It encouraged inter-community warfare as landlords fought in order to increase their land and

AFRICA AND EXTERNAL WORLD.

The Africa contact with Middle East and Far East dated back early in 200BC. The early contacts were initially at the coast but later some of the foreigners moved further into interior of the East Africa. Those early foreigners visited Africa were people from Asia including; Lebanese, Syrians, Indonesians, Persians, Arabs and China. Later people from Europe began to visit Africa, these included; Portuguese, British, Dutch and French. The trade contact between the pre- colonial African societies, Middle East and Far East began around 8^th century AD. These early contacts were determined by nature of African and Asian societies.

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL MOTIVES/AIMS OF THE CONTACTS BETWEEN AFRICA, MIDDLE AND FAR EAST.

Trade activities. Traders wanted to trade and control commercial activities along the African coast as Africa coastal environment attracted and favored trade activities of India Ocean in 7^th and 8^th centuries, there were regular trading between Africa, China, Indonesia, Persia, and Arabs states.

The South west monsoon winds would blow the ships to the African coast between November and April; whereas the north East monsoon winds between May and October would take them back to their countries

GOODS EXCHANGED BETWEEN AFRICA, MIDDLE AND FAR EAST.

Origin of visitors	Goods brought to Africa	Goods taken from Africa
Arabia	Beakers, iron, pains, swords, daggers, beads, ornaments and rice	Ivory Gold Slaves Tortoise shells Rhinoceros horns Animal skins Copper Iron Ostrich feather. etc.
China	Porcelain, bowls, Plates and Shuck clothes.
Persia	Ports, glass bowls, beakers, swords and ornaments
India	Cotton cloth, metal, ornaments, beads and spears.
Spice island	spices
Syrian	Iron pans, bowls swords and beakers

1. Exploration of African coast.

The visitors from Middle East and Far East were interested to know the accessibility of the coast and the availability of market in the coastal areas. They were also interested to assess the volume of commodities which were in great demands such as gold, slave and animal skins.

The exploration done in Africa was recorded in the early records about the coast; it was recorded by one of the Greek sailor book called Periplus of Eritrean Sea and Ptolemy’s Geography.

2. The need to search new trading settlements.

Early visitors come to Africa with the aim of establishing trading settlements along the East African Coast and the horn of Africa. During the 10^th and 11^th centuries several Muslims merchants of Arabs in Origin; began to penetrate the Awash valley towards the high land of Ethiopia.

3. The need to spread Islamic religion

Some visitors come to spread Islamic religion. The Islamic religion started to spread in western Asia from 7^th century mainly through holy wars known as JIHADS which aimed at spreading the Islamic religion. Therefore Muslims Arabs from middle and Far East visited African coast with the aim of spreading Islamic religion to the African people

EFFECTS OF EARLY TRADING CONTACT.

ECONOMIC EFFECTS

1. Emergence of rich class.

Since African people engaged in trade activities and acquired enough profit; a class of rich merchants emerged among them. In East Africa the class of rich people included chief Kivoi of Kamba and Nganyo of Giriama in Kenya, Mirambo and Nyungu ya mawe of Nyamwezi in Tanzania.

2. Exposed Africa towards economies.

Africa was integrated in the world economy through supplying commodities which were in great demands by the outside world.

3. Exploitation of Africa resources.

The contact involved the exploitation of human resources by taking Africans away as slaves and some commodities such as Ivory, Gold and animals skins were taken away.

4. Decline of local industries.

The consumers’ behaviour changed from buying local mode commodities to buy foreign commodities such as cotton clothes and food utensils.

5. Loss of manpower.

Example; slave trade in Africa decreased the manpower because traders captured the able bodied people who were essential for production; the aged, weak and children were left behind while they could not manage to produce at large quantity.

6. Introduction of new crops.

These crops were very useful to African because they provided food stuffs as well as cash crops such as coconut, palms, rice, millet, wheat, cloves, sugarcane etc.

7. Introduction of money economy.

In East Africa coastal cities coins were minted and used as the medium of exchange therefore the use of currency replaced barter trade system.

8. Introduction of new arts and crafts.

By 15^th century various items were produced in Africa and village communities were transforming from simple to complex societies. Many towns developed due to arts and crafts; the art of writing navigation and money handling was also introduced.

B. SOCIAL EFFECTS.

Emergence of Swahili language and
Rise and growth of Islamic
Spread of Islamic religion (Qur’an and Islamic laws).
Growth of towns and cities such as Mombasa, Kilwa, Pemba, Sofala and
Emergence of mullatos due to
Rise of walfare and depopulation due to capturing of

THE CONTACT BETWEEN AFRICA AND EUROPE

The Portuguese invasion.

Trading between Africa and Asia was disturbed by Portuguese invasion along the East Africa coast in the 16^th C.

The Portuguese attempted to capture and control Indian Ocean trade, this lead to war between the Portuguese on one hand and the indigenous of East African coast. During this contact the most important countries in western were Spain and Portugal. These countries were included in trade through trading routes to India which passed off through Italy and the Muslims lands of the Middle East. The occurrence of wars in Muslims empire made the trade difficult and more expensive.

The Portuguese by finding routes of the sea wanted to establish trading empire in the East by controlling all trades in Europe. This was made possible by the invention of ships.

Prince Henry the navigator son of King John of Portuguese supported the voyages. They searched routes as resulted into voyages by Bartholomew Diaz in 1487 and Vasco da Gama in 1498.

Vasco da Gama was the first Portuguese to reach East Africa.

In summary;

Vasco da Gama reached Africa in 1498 (A.D).
Bartholomew Diaz reached Africa in

ECONOMIC MOTIVES/AIMS OF THE CONTACT BETWEEN AFRICA AND THE PORTUGUESE.

The need to defeat the Asian trades and rules in their monopoly of the India trade; as usually European countries admired the commodities founded in Africa, so in order to get them they had to contact with African people.

The commodities needed by them were Ivory, tortoise’s shells, cotton, gold and palms.

Controlling and Exploitation of
Need of creating Portuguese Empire in Africa so as to make Africa to be a
To exploit different resources of Example gold, diamond.
They wanted to exploit African resources by selling small things to Africans for high price more than they had sold it to them.

SOCIAL MOTIVES/AIMS

To spread
To exploit Africa especially East African coastal cities and states g. Kilwa, Mombasa, Bagamoyo and Mogadishu.
They desired to establish anti-Muslims
They search for Pastor John in

THE PORTUGUESE EXPLOITATION RESULTED INTO DISCOVERIES OF POTENTIAL AREAS.

The Portuguese established trade with societies found in the coastal areas. They also created central point where ships could stop on the way to India. After establishing trade the Portuguese obtained items such as ivory, gold, copper and silver; they exchange them with cloth, guns, gunpowder etc.

By 15^th C Portuguese succeeded to establish their rule in East Africa. After that the Portuguese built the Fort Jesus in Mombasa which could strengthen their military power thus establishing the effective control over the East Africa coastal areas.

1592 was the built of Fort Jesus.

1698 was the broke down of Fort Jesus.

1499 was the year when Vasco da Gama returned back to Portugal.

RESISTANCES AGAINST PORTUGUESE.

There were source of resistance;

The displaced people joined the resistance, for example Zimba of Zambezi valley and Segeju of Somalia in the Northern Eastern The constant attack and resistance against Portuguese rule lead to its decline and capture of Fort Jesus of Mombasa in 1698.

The reaction from the feudal lords and traders who counted to protect their social and economic interests.

THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF PORTUGUESE.

Introduction of crops especially cash crops in Africa g. Sugarcane, yellow maize, cassava, rice, pineapples, potatoes etc.

Decline of trade; the trade between East Africa, Far East and Middle East was interrupted by the Portuguese.

Change of major trade

Exposed Africa to the external

They built several forts, example; Fort

They acted as the introducers of new arts to the indigenous of Africa

The forts built by Portuguese were like;

Fort Jesus in 1592 in
Fort at
Sofala and eliminated caste present day Ghana built in

SOCIAL IMPACTS OF PORTUGUESE

Decline of cities and states.

Growth of Swahili

Insecurity and loss of

Also Swahili adapted some new Portuguese words i.e. Mvinyo from word Vincho, Meza Etc.

THE REASONS FOR THE COLLAPSE OF PORTUGUESE.

They suffered from tropical disease like

The climate conditions of East African coast were in healthy for the

Social, culture and religion differences e. Muslim against Christians.

Loss of trade due to Portuguese taxes and

Harsh treatments and punishment practiced by Portuguese in their

Role played by Oman to the coastal city Hence that capture of fort Jesus marked the end of Portuguese in East Africa around 1700.

THE DUTCH SETTLEMENT AT THE CAPE.

The Dutch or Boers came from Holland (Nether land) and firstly settled at the cape in Table Bay in April 1652 under the leadership of Jan Van Riebeek.

Dutch farmers called themselves – “BOERS”
When they settled at the cape they called themselves by the name of Afrikaners that meant the “whites of Africa” who developed language known as Afrikaans.
Dutch had a company known as United Dutch East India company (UDEIC).
The company had trade with India and other Arabs in Asia
At the cape they grew vegetables, fruits and kept animals such as
They had barter trade with Khoikhoi exchanging tobacco and alcohol for the

Reasons for Dutch settlement at the cape

The cape was a good place where ships could stop to be
The cape had a good climate to support settlement of the (Temperate and cool climate).
The Dutch wanted to produce vegetable and fruits for the ships which sailed to
The cape could provide fresh water for the
The cape could be a base of projecting their ships on Atlantic and Indian
A center for caring sick

THE EFFECTS/IMPACTS OF THE DUTCH SETTLEMENT AT THE CAPE.

They took land from Khoikhoi and
They turned the Khoikhoi into slaves to work for them in
Dutch raided cattle from the

Dutch settlement led to the introduction of apartheid g. Khoikhoi could not get quality education, health services and shelters like the Dutch.
Unequal exchange led to exploitation of South African
Intermarriage which led to Mullato
Political structure of the Khoikhoi was

THE MAP SHOW EXPANSION OF DUTCH SETTLEMENT AT THE CAPE

THE BRITISH

The British first occupation of South Africa was in 1795 when they attacked and defeated the Boers at the Cape.

There was a peace treaty between the Dutch and the British in 1802 and the Cape was given back to the Dutch in But in 1806 the British decided to re-occupy the Cape by defeating the Dutch.

The areas which made the British settle at the Cape were;

They wanted to protect their ships on the sea route to

It was based on protectionism which the British could protect themselves against ships of
Area to get raw materials, market and area for
They wanted to control the trade route on sea water (India & Asia)
Cape could easy link the British and Western Europe across the Atlantic

Effects of the British administration at the cape.

They abolished slavery introduced by
They imposed English language as the official medium of
Khoikhoi continued to lose their land as the British took it for their
There was important of manufactured goods from
They imposed news way of
Introduction of circuit courts in order to settle disputes between Dutch and the

African resistance against the settlement and expansion of the Boers and the British on South Africa.

The African resistance against the whites began during the 17^th Century up to the 20^th century. Examples of resistances were: –

THE KAFFIR WARS OR WARS OF DISPOSSESSION.

These were series of wars carried out by the Xhosa from 1779 Vs Boers – at the great fish

The first three wars were in 1779, 1789 and
The fourth (known as Ndhalambi) happened in 1812
The fifth (known as Makanda) in
The sixth in
The seventh in 1846>
The 8^th (Malenjin – 1850 – 1853)
The last resistance by the Xhosa (Mlakaza was an advisor to one of the Xhosa).

The Battle of Vegkop of 19^th October

Ndebele under Mzilikazi fought Vs the Boers in the Orange Free

The Battle of the Blood River on 1th February,

ZULU UNDER Dingane fought against Boer settlement in

Anglo Zulu

Zulu under Cetshowayo fought strongly and defeated the British at the Battle of Island lwana.
But later the British suppressed the Zulu during the battle of Ulundi 4^th July,

EAST AFRICA UNDER OMAN’S RULE 1840.

The Oman Arabs helped East Africans to defeat Portuguese along the coastal in 1698. Oman now became rulers. Therefore people of East Africa were not free apart from defeating the Portuguese.

In 1741 Mombasa established her independence chief domain under Mazmi family; this was an order from Arabs family of Oman in origin the Mazmi family was conquered by Sultan Seyyid Said of Oman. From 1840 onwards; Sultan Seyyid Said becomes the master of the East African coast.

MOTIVES/AIMS OF OMAN ARABS IN EAST AFRICA.

To have clear control/monopoly of trade existed at the coast especially Indian ocean

They wanted to control all the city states along the

To stop the spread of Christianity led by Portuguese and maintaining Islamic

WHY SULTAN SEYYID SAID SHIFTED HIS CAPITAL FROM MUSCAT OMAN TO ZANZIBAR

The following were the factors for sultan Seyyid Said to shift his capital from Muscat Oman to Zanzibar in 1840.

Good climatic condition supported the settlement of

Fertile soil for agricultural purpose especially clove and coconut

Deep natural harbour in Zanzibar for importation and exportation of

Trade activities examples controlling the Indian Ocean

Abundant fresh water for irrigation and

To avoid conflict in his home after killing his brother Iman

IMPACTS OF OMAN ARABS (SULTAN) DOMINATION IN EAST AFRICA. A: ECONOMIC IMPACTS.

Increase of slave
Land
East African people were exposed to international
The expansion of
Introduction of new cash crops example; coconut and
Establishment of feudalism where African become serfs and tenants
Exploitation of African

B: SOCIAL IMPACTS.

Death due to resistance against the Arabs
Spread of Swahili
Addition of Arabic words into Swahili

Spread of Islamic
Much suffering of people due to slavery

THE HISTORY OF SOUTH AFRICA

Early inhabits of South Africa;

The Bushmen and Hottentots were the earliest inhabitants of South
The few scattered KhoiKhoi pastoralist and the San hunters were referred as
They formed Khoisan as they both spoke languages which contain clicking
Bushmen are short and have yellow or brown skin
Bushmen are probably the descendants of the Stone Age

The Hottentots were similar to the Bushmen but taller and more advanced.

Production unit of Bushmen was based on hunting animals. The San depended on the KhoiKhoi for the cereal they exchange for meat.

-The Negroid Bantu began to arrive in South Africa from the 9^th century A.D. they were taller, strong and dark than Bushmen Hottentots.

-Bantu exercised arable farming, had iron working skills and cattle domestication.

-The Ngoni occupied Eastern Coastal region from Zulu and to the cape colony.

Bantu groups included the Zulu, Ndebele, Swazi, Ngoni, Tambu and Xhosa communities. They cultivated variety of crops such as sugarcane, melons, maize and beans. The level of production they had reached enabled them to accumulate surplus and trade began to be conducted among them.

SLAVE TRADE IN INDIAN OCEAN SEA BOARD.

Slave:

Is the person who is illegally owned and controlled by another person and is forced to work for them.

Slavery:

Is the act of owning and using slaves.

Slave trade: –

Is the activity of buying and selling human beings like other commodities. The main results of African contact with external world through trade was the;

Rise of slave trade
Colonialism

Slave trade in East Africa began after the arrival of Portuguese in 15^th Century up to 1873 during the Sayyid Barghash treaty or free treaty.

REASONS FOR THE EXPANSION OF THE INDIAN OCEAN SLAVE TRADE

The Oman Arabs who were ruling the East African coast at the time introduced clove plantations in Zanzibar and These plantations required large numbers of labors to tend to them.

There was also a high demand for slave labor for the French sugar plantations in Mauritius and Reunion Island. Initially, the French mostly depended on the area around present-day Mozambique for slaves, but by the 1770s the demand exceeded supply. Hence, the French came further north, to East Africa, in search of slaves.

Slaves were needed as porters. They ferried goods such as ivory and gold from interior of Africa to the This was important for the ivory trade, especially to the American, Indian and British traders who took part in it.

Portuguese slave traders supplied slaves to the Portuguese coffee and sugar plantations in Brazil. In the first half of the 18th century, the Portuguese expanded their As a result, their sources of slaves in West Africa and Mozambique became inadequate, so they came to East Africa.

Slaves were in great demand as domestic workers and soldiers in the Muslims nation The Quran forbids Muslims from enslaving other Muslims. Thus, the slaves had to come from non-Muslim regions such as the interior of East Africa. There were major slave markets in Zanzibar, Bagamoyo, Pemba, Kilwa, Mikindani and Mombasa.

EAST AFRICA SLAVE TRADE ROUTE CHARACTERISTICS OF SLAVE TRADE.

There were the characteristics which prevailed during slave trade.

There were several human torture and
Humiliation and dehumanization of the
Slave were chained and forced to carry heavy loads like salt, ivory and
They were brutally whipped by their
They were blended like Those who were unfit were killed or left to die on the way.

1. HOW SLAVE TRADE EMERGED

The trade emerged up to its maximum stage after growth or demand of labors in big plantations opened by the capitalist. In the 2^nd half of 18^th century slave trade was boosted by the French demand of labors in the Mauritius and Re-union Islands; these were their colonials in which sugar plantations were established.

There were three stages in the development of slave trade in Indian ocean sea board.

The first stage was dominated by the Portuguese who were shipping slave from Mozambique to Brazil in 18^th
The second was dominated by the Dutch from Holland and French who had opened the coffee and sugar plantations in Mauritius and Re-union especially in 1770.
The third was due to the introduction of cloves plantations in Zanzibar in the early of 19^th

The great demand for cloves in the world market led to the expansion of cloves plantations which also increased the need for slaves.
Slaves were needed for domestic and agricultural works in the Arabs countries in Asia. Due to above reasons the slave traders opened up slave trading centers (stations) such as Tabora, Ujiji, Kotakota, Chikole and Unyanyembe.
The expansion of slave trade led to the opening up of market for slave These markets in East Africa included Zanzibar which was the biggest market; others were Kilwa, Bagamoyo, Mombasa and Pemba.

HOW SLAVE TRADE WERE ORGANIZED IN INDIAN OCEAN SEA BOARD.

The organization of slave trade in East Africa in 19^th century depended much on the factors which were:

Question of capital to buy Ivory and At the beginning the Indian merchants called “Banyans” based in Zanzibar supplied capital example cloth was used to buy Ivory and slaves.
Organization of The famous traders who organized caravans were Tippu tippu between the East coast and present day Congo Kinshasa, Mlozi in Belgian, Rumaliza in Ujiji Kigoma and Msiri in urea country present day Zambia.
The involvement of local rulers in the slave and ivory Nyungu ya mawe, Isike and Mirambo among the Nyamwezi, Kabaka of Uganda, Mkwawa of wahehe, Machemba of Yao.

COMMODITIES EXCHANGED

From interior to the coast – Ivory and slaves, animal skins,
From the coast to the interior caravans brought clothes, salts wine, glass ware beads and

HOW SLAVES WERE OBTAINED (TECHNIQUES USED TO OBTAIN SLAVES)

Slaves were obtained through various ways:

Through raiding village and capturing
Through selling prisoners of war obtained from local civil
Through selling
Through selling of domestic
Through ways of laying and
Through use of trickery and false

IMPACTS OF SLAVE TRADE IN INDIAN OCEAN SEA BOARD.

SOCIAL EFFECTS

Depopulation; many people were taken to work as slaves and others died on the
Insecurity and fear among the
Development of inter-states
Human torture and suffering
Hunger due to lack of good in areas were slave trade

ECONOMIC EFFECTS

Killing of economic Agriculture, pastoralism and industries were killed due to lack of manpower.
Technology stagnation; no innovation was made as all able bodied people were taken as slaves only children and old ones were left behind.

Underdevelopment of East Africa; slave trade increased dependence on European capitalist generally slave trade had negative effects in East Africa and it created many problems.

THE CARAVAN/ROUTES.

There were three main caravan routes during East Africa slave trade.

THE TRIANGULAR SLAVE TRADE

The triangular trade (TATT) intercontinental trade; was the trading activities which was conducted by the Europeans in relation with the Africans and the Americans across the Atlantic Ocean from the 16^th to 18^th
The Trans – Atlantic triangular trade originated from the discovery made by Christopher Columbus who was born in 1451 Genoa, after the discovery of new world (American) in
The Portuguese were the first foreigners to capture slaves at the coast of West In 1441, Alitam Goncalvez a Portuguese captured a man and a woman and sent them as gifts to the King of Portugal (Prince Henry the Navigator before his death in 1440.)

COMMODITIES OF EXCHANGE

The major commodities of exchange in the triangular trade were;

AFRICA – Exported slaves, gold, ivories and animal skins.

AMERICA– exported sugar, cotton, Tobacco, Gold and Silver.

EUROPE – Supplied manufactured goods such as clothes, gun powder, glass were, sugar and tobacco.

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED THE TRANS-ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE.

The discovery of new

After discovery of the new world by Christopher Columbus in 1492 Britain colonized modern days united state of America (USA), the French occupied Canada, Portugal colonized Brazil and Spain colonized Latin America.

The Europeans found the natives (Red Indians) unfit for labor in the mines and plantations because they were weak and affected by small pocks and lived nomadic life.

Advancement in marine technology between 15^th and 17^th Europeans nations developed marine technology as they had ships which could carry bullay cargo for a long distance.

Trade in gold from West Africa slave labour was used to the East then it was sent
Settlement of Portuguese in Saotome and principal islands where they opened sugar

RESULTS OF TRANS – ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE ECONOMIC RESULTS.

Decline of production; this led people not to engaged in production especially in agriculture and mining activities due to slave trade.
Decrease of manpower; most of energetic people were captured and taken as
Technological
Introduction of new crops example bananas, beans, cassava, and
Development of forts example Lagos, port novo and Dakar
Emergency of local wealth classes; African local rulers participated in slave trade they become rich example Asantehene of Asante.
Integration of Africa into the world capitalist economy hence led to colonization of African continent.
Introduction of legitimate trade after abolition of slave trade; this was trade in natural products example rubber, cotton, palm oil and grand nuts.

SOCIAL EFFECTS

Fear and
Emergence of mullatos in West
Retardation of African
Families were broken
They established artificial boundaries and
They opened up the interior of African where they search was
They facilitate destruction of African culture

INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM

TRANSITION TO INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM.

The transition to industrial capitalism began during the period of mercantile Capitalism when the European nations such as Spain, Holland, Portugal and Britain sold goods from local small industries to Africa and Asia. European merchants got enough capital for discovery of industries during the mid – 18^th century.

Industrial capitalism firstly started in Britain in 1750. The demands of industrial capitalism were;

Areas to invest
Areas to get
Needs for raw
Cheap
Area to settlement surplus labours (unemployed personal population).

Agents of industrial capitalism;

Traders +

MISSIONARIES

They were Europeans who mainly arrived in African societies in the 19^th C to spread Christian religion some came in Africa in 18^th c.

Example of Missionaries in Africa.

luduring krapf
Johan Rebman
Bishop Tozer
Jacob Erhard
living stone
John smith Moffat
Bartholomew kroof

Activities of the Missionaries.

Spread of Christianity by building churches and mission
Introducing western education by building They taught Africans writing, reading and counting.
They participated in the abolition of slave
They studied African
They introduced cash crops in African

EXPLORERS

Explorers were European who came to Africa to collect information and obtain knowledge over geographical areas i.e. Lakes, rivers and Mountains

Example of explorers

Richard Burton
Jon Hanning Speke
James Grant
Samuel Baker
Ludwig Krapf
David living stone

Henry Morton Stanley
De Brazza
Mungo park – in west Africa
Heinrich Barth

Activities

They collected valuable information about
Attracted the Europeans to come to sell manufactured
They used as interpreters and advisers of the African kings/chiefs.
Some explorers urged European industrial countries to come and colonize
Search sources of raw materials and areas for

TRADERS

They came in order to find raw materials and areas for investments. Examples of trade companies in East Africa;

The British African Association formed by William Later was given Charter and it was known as Imperial British East Africa Company. (IBEACO) in Kenya and Uganda in 1888.

The Livingstone Company formed by Scottish trader James Steven in

Germany East African Company (G.E.A.Co) formed by Carl Peters in Tanganyika in 1884.

Companies in West Africa.

The Sierra Leone Company – it was established at Freetown

The Royal Niger Company under George

Central Africa – Trade companies

British South Africa Company (BSACO) formed in 1870’s under Cecil Head quarters in Cape Town.

The African international

formed by King Leopard II in

It traded in Congo

Activities of traders were;

They carried out trade by exchanging goods such as guns, drinks and clothes for ivory and

Signed treaties with local

Some Companies administered the colonies after 1885

Find raw materials and areas for

Search for new

The impacts of industrial capitalism in Africa:

Political effects

Colonization of Africa in the late 19^th

Social effects

It held to destruction of African

The coming of the European Missionaries, Traders and

Economic effects.

Development of infrastructure so as to facilitate transportation of raw materials and European manufactured goods.
It led to Intensive exploitation of Africans through law wages, long working hours and
Establishment of industries e import substutional industries and processing industries.

THE ABOLITION OF SLAVE TRADE.

The abolition of slave trade was the movement to stop the sale and purchase of human beings as commodities.

The first country to campaign for the abolition of slave trade was Britain

The reasons for the abolition of slave trade in Africa.

The British Industrial Revolution.

This was discovery of industries in 1750’s in Britain. Slave labour was not useful since there were Machines that would do the work which was done by slaves. Industries needed raw material and markets for selling products.

2) Humanitarians’ reasons.

These were people who argued that slave trade was inhuman. It caused too much sufferings and misery to the people. Example of these persons William Wilberforce

Granville Sharp
Thomas Clarkson
James Stephen

3) Evangelical or Religious reason.

People belongs to church argued that slave trade was against God who had created men to treat themselves equally to each other, it had to be stopped because it was a sin before God.

4) American independence in 1776.

When American got independence in 1776 from the British; America declared that slave trade and slavery was illegal in America.

5) The sugar competition between the British and the French

-The British produced sugar in island such as Cuba and Jamaica and sold the sugar at higher price.

-The French produced sugar at Mauritius and Reunion using slave labour and sold it cheaply. NB. The British lost market and decided to abolish slave trade.

6) The French Revolution in 1789.

The revolution inspired the people in the world to campaign against slave trade because it insisted on human rights and believed in liberty, equality and fraternity among the people in France.

7) Realm of literature and philosophy during the 18^th century.

Europe had realm of literature and philosophy which put emphasis on equality, Brotherhood and liberty.

Slave trade was condemned by philosophers such as Jean Jacques Rousseau and Adam smith.

Literature written by -Samuel Johnson

-Daniel Defoe

Also opposed slave
Reaction of slaves against their masters

Methods/ tactics/ Techniques/ ways used in abolition of slave Trade in Africa.

Development of the British naval patrol in Atlantic and Indian Ocean to block all slave

The British made laws which stopped slavery in

The British made some Africans as informers on the movements of slave

Signing treaties with local rulers whom their people participated in slave

Led to colonization of African

The effects of the Abolition of Slave Trade.

Economic effects:

The rise of legitimate trade (trade of raw materials such as clothes, guns, ivory, rubber, groundnuts and cotton)

Rise of European trading companies i.e. IBEACO, GEACO, Royal Niger

b) Social effects

The increase in the coming of Europeans especially

c) Political effects

The founding of new states as areas for settling ex- slaves Ex-slaves colonies – Sierra Leone and Liberia
Development of states e. Itsekin, Calabar and Bonny.

Fall of states i.e. Dahomey, Benin, and

Ruling power of slave owners /trade

ABOLITION OF SLAVE TRADE IN EAST AFRICA.

The British signed treaties with Sultan of Zanzibar as follows.

1^st The MORESBY treaty of 1822:

-Was signed between Captain Moresby and Sultan of Oman Seyyid Said.

NB: The treaty prevent Sultan from selling slave outside his dominion. It did not allow slaves to be sold in Indian, Arabia, Persia and French Island like Reunion.

2^nd The HAMERTON treaty of 1845:

Was signed between the British counselor Hamerton and Sultan Seyyid Said.

NB; The treaty limited slave trade to Seyyid Said’s East African areas. It prevented slaves from being sold north of Brava.

3^rd The FRERE treaty of 1873:

Zanzibar slave market was down closed in 1873; it was a treaty between Bartle Frere and Sultan Barghash to end slave trade.

NB: later the British sent Sir. John Kirk to stop slave trade.

The delay in the abolition of slave trade

It took longer period to stop slave trade because of the following;

Britain was the only country campaigned against slave

Those who campaigned for the abolition faced opposition from African chiefs who depended on slave trade e.g.

Mirambo of Tabora

Kabaka Mutesa of Buganda

Glele of

Many of the abolition lists died of tropical disease e. Malaria.

THEBRITISH AT THE CAPE

Britain took control of the Cape during the period of mercantilism in Europe. In 1580, Sir Francis Drake became the first British man to round the Cape of Good Hope. He was very impressed by the table Mountain in bthe bay of modern-day Cape Town.

At the end of the 18th century, the British became interested in seizing the Cape colony from Dutch. They were afraid that after Napoleon’s (The French emperor) victories over most of Europe (including Netherlands), the Dutch might hand over the Cape to the French. In 1973, France invaded the Netherlands. King William V sought refuge in Britain and also asked for protection for Dutch colonies and trading interests.

During this time, the British already controlled India and the trade between India and Europe.

The British feared that if the French controlled the Cape then they would prevent British ships from stopping and restocking their supplies on their way to or from India. Britain was therefore glad to occupy the Cape.

The British occupied the Cape twice: for a short time in 1795, then from 1806 onwards. When the Napoleonic wars ended in 1815, Britain made a formal purchase of the Cape from the Netherlands for six million pounds sterling.

MOTIVES FOR THE BRITISH INTEREST IN THE CAPE:

British wanted to control trade interest in the
British wanted to get more colonies for raw materials for her
British wanted to get fresh supplies and water for the reminder of their journey and station for their voyages to or from India.

TACTICS USED BY THE BRITISH TO OCCUPY THE CAPE

They introduced the land legislation system which discourage pastoralism among the Boers and limit the size of the land for Its because some land was distributed to the landless KhoiKhoi.
The abolition of slave trade and slavery and offered compensation for slaves but majority were not given compensation and this action affected Boers because they depend largely on slaves.
British introduced English as an official language at the Cape to be used as the medium of instruction and the language of administering law and justice instead of Dutch.
They maintained a large garrison at the Cape to control their
They encouraged its citizens to immigration to the
They abolished the restriction of internal trade which was imposed by the

THE GREAT BOERS TREK OR THE AFRIKANER EXODS IN SOUTH AFRICA.

The great Boer Trek was a movement of the Boers from the cape towards the interior of South Africa

The great Boer Trek mainly started in 1835 and it is not easy to determine when it ended.

The reasons for Great Boer Trek were

Need for land – at the cape the area was over
Introduction of English as official language at the cape by the
Abolition as slavery by British at the cape in 1834 – British abolished the use of KhoiKhoi as slaves to work on the farms.
Introduction of circuit court by the British brought the idea that KhoiKhoi had to be treated equally this action humiliated the Boers.
The British Missionaries make Boers not to mistreat the African especially the

Impacts/effects of Great Boer Trek.

Land in Natal, Orange Free State and Transvaal was taken by

They raided cattle and wealth of
Boers broke up the unity of South
Boers broke brought conflict and
Introduction of apartheid in South

NB: The great Boers Trek ruined the Africans societies and enriched the Boers from Holland.

THE ANGLO-BOER WARS

The war was between the British and Boers.

1. The first Anglo-Boer war of 1880-1881.

The British fought against the Boers in Transvaal after the discovery of diamond in 1867.

REASONS

The British annexed Transvaal from the
The British imposed tax on the farmers in Transvaal, Boers hated
The Boers thought that that they could fight and defeat the British soldiers in 1880 after the British defeated by the Zulu at the of ISAND HLWANA in 1879.

THE PRETORIA CONVENTION OF 1881

Convention reached as a last solution of ending the war; Lead by British Prime Minister Mr. GLADSTONE.

Agreements were;

The British and the Boers agreed to end the
The Boers were granted international self
The external matters of Transvaal remained in the hands of
British goods had not to be discriminated by
Civil rights of the wit Landers were to be respected witlander- (British people of in origin).

2) The second Anglo-Boers war of 1899-1902.

The war occurred between the British and Boers republic. It needed with signing the peace treaty called VERRETING on 31^st May, 1902 in Pretoria.

Causes of second Anglo-Boers war

British desire to make a federation government between the Boer Republic of Natal, Orange Free State and Transvaal.
The railway tariff conflict between the British at Cape and Boers in British had markets both cape and Transvaal.

Discovery of Diamonds in the Kimberly in 1867 brought
The Pretoria convection did not put a principal solution for the independence of the

The Discovery of gold deposit in 1886 at Witwatersrand in

James on raid of 1895 made the Boers

The British protection of witlanders; witlanders were people of the British in origin on Transvaal (they were denied citizenship, high tax was imposed on them).

MINERAL REVOLUTION IN SOUTH AFRICA.

Mineral Revolution in South Africa was the discovery of minerals mainly diamond in Kimberly along the Orange and Vaal Rivers in 1867 and Gold at Witwatersrand in Transvaal in 1886.

The situation of South Africa before mineral Revolution.

South Africa was agricultural backward (subsistence level).
Railway line was short and
There were few towns with few
There were no heavy
There were few banking
The numbers of foreign investors were very

EFFECTS OR IMPACTS OF MINERAL REVOLUTION

POLITICAL EFFECTS.

It increased the British interest of dominating the Boer

The African people lost their independence

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History notes